At Avito, I had to fire more than 20 people in the first twelve months. The invasion of Russia by Charles XII of Sweden was a campaign undertaken during the Great Northern War between Sweden and the allied states of Russia, Poland, and Denmark. Bengt Liljegren, Karl XII: En biografi. Peter From, Katastrofen vid Poltava (2007), Lund, Historiska media. The invasion was further complicated by the scorched earth strategy formulated by Peter and his generals. Slaget vid Lesnaja 1708 (in Swedish). This would become the key tipping point that led to war. A Northern military state. Russia conquered Sweden’s Baltic empire between 1700 and 1809, seizing the Baltic States, northern Poland and Finland. pp 585. In 1240, Kiev was taken by Khan Batu. Tsar Alexander of Russia offered friendship to Bernadotte and Sweden, despite a previous invasion of Swedish territories. pp 155, Lanciai Christian, Segern och nederlaget (1974) p. 107, Peter Frost, Katastrofen vid Poltava (2007) p. 259, Learn how and when to remove this template message, Charles XII and the Collapse of the Swedish Empire, 1682- 1719 - R. Nisbet Bain, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Swedish_invasion_of_Russia&oldid=994629410, Articles with Swedish-language sources (sv), Articles with Russian-language sources (ru), Articles needing additional references from July 2020, All articles needing additional references, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 16 December 2020, at 18:31. Bernadotte, formerly one of Napoleon’s marshals, was made Crown Prince of Sweden.However, what looked at first like a perfect opportunity for Napoleon quickly turned sour. Charles fled with his surviving 543 men to the protection of the Ottoman Turks to the south, who were traditionally hostile to Russia. pp. If using any of Russia Beyond's content, partly or in full, always provide an active hyperlink to the original material. Russian victories in these wars greatly expanded Peter’s empire, and the defeat of Sweden won Russia direct access to the Baltic Sea, a lifelong obsession of the Russian leader. By 1719 Russia had conquered all of Sweden. In 1721, according to the Treaty of Nystad, Russia won access to the lands of Estonia, Livonia, Ingria, and Southeast Finland. Aberdeen. The Great Northern War (1700–1721) was a major conflict, in which Sweden opposed many European states, led by Russia. Peter From, Katastrofen vid Poltava (2007), Lund, Historiska media. The Dawn of the Tsarist Empire: Poltava & the Russian Campaigns of 1708—1709, Partizan Press (2009). In 1368 and 1370, the Lithuanian army besieged Moscow, and in 1402, with the help of Polish army, Lithuania took Smolensk again, which was theirs until 1522. Russia was so close to controlling the world, so what happened? Before Charles could give battle, though, Peter was able to bribe the Turkish vizier to peace; with this, Charles's ambitions to invade Russia were ended. pp 98. This settling of the wilderness caused conflict between the Finnishfarmers and the Lapp reindeer herdsmen, forcing the Lapps slowly northward. Those early days were challenging: the cultural differences did make things hard at first. The lands of Lithuania bordered the Russian lands throughout history, and before the 12th century, Lithuanian people were paying tributes to Russian princes. Vägen till Poltava. Russian princes were forced to subjugate to the Tatar-Mongol khans, and pay substantial tributes to them. Sweden emerged as a great European power under Axel Oxenstierna and King Gustavus Adolphus. 266, Peter From. The failed invasion of Russia by Hitler and Napoleon are well known. Russia took back all Napoleon’s winnings, followed him to Paris and there helped destroy the Napoleonic empire. Not to be outdone by the Swedes, Poland also got involved with conflict … Later, during the Great Northern War (1700 - 1721), the Swedish army invaded the then-Russian territories of Belarus, taking the city of Mogilev. Not that the White Horde was small enough to be easily conquered. During the Napoleonic Wars Sweden joined the Third Coalition against France - 1805, but France defeated Russia and the latter in turn took Finland from Sweden as compensation - 1809 . However, some of these territories were later again taken by Russia after the Russo-Turkish war of 1877-1878, and were returned once more to Turks after the 1918-1921 war between Soviet Russia and Turkey. In 1617-1618, Russia successfully withstood another Commonwealth army attack, which was this time led by their king, Władysław IV Waza. The original Vikings were Nordic (Scandinavian): Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Iceland, Greenland, The Faroe Islands and The Aland Islands. The war ended with the defeat of Sweden, leaving Russia as the new dominant power in the Baltic region and as a new major force in European politics. Russian princes at that time were disconnected from each other and in a perpetual rivalry for the Kievan throne, so they couldn’t effectively retaliate. The Poles — Livonian War. Peter From, Katastrofen vid Poltava (2007), Lund, Historiska media. pp 159. Even though Moscow was taken by Napoleon, already by October, 1812, the French Emperor understood his army was trapped without supplies or accommodation in a hostile country, and the winter was beginning to set in. 2) New diseases used as weapons will cause 25 million people to die. We’re not here to retell the whole story of the 1812 war (click the link above for more! pp 60, Dorrell, Nicholas. Charles was a skilled military leader, and probably considered the invasion to be a risky enterprise; he had resisted the advice of his generals to invade during the Russian winter following the first Battle of Narva (1700). 1755. pp. Denmark and Russia were not the only states to benefit from the defeat of Sweden in the Great Northern War. From 1702 to 1706 Charles fought the Poles. The wars continued during the 17th century, with Russia finally managing to retain Kiev and Smolensk lands. St Petersburg, Vladimir … Dorrell, Nicholas. Denmark, Poland, and Russia made a treaty in 1699, while Prussia preferred to wait and see. These lands went back and forth between Russia and Sweden during the 15th-17th centuries, but the main conflict happened during the reign of Peter the Great. This is when pre-Viking-Age Scandanavians likely settled the northwestern Russian town of Staraya Ladoga (or “Old Ladoga”), across Lake Ladoga from what is now Finland. Resistance by the population of Moscow eventually forces the invading army out, but the fighting rumbles on until 1618, when an … The invasion began with Charles's crossing of the Vistula on 1 January 1708, and effectively ended with the Swedish defeat in the Battle of Poltava on 8 July 1709, though Charles continued to pose a military threat to Russia for several years while under the protection of the Ottoman Turks. The Swedes began by invading Russia, but were crushed in the Battle of Poltava (1709). While the Swedes were campaigning in Germany and Poland after 1706 Peter ordered his forces into Ingaria and found a new port that was to become the City of St Petersburg. We only took a look at the most outrageous attempts – because mentioning each and every war, in which Russian territories were attacked could take forever. The ensuing war became known as the Great Northern War. By-Anton Johansson, Sweden (1858-1909) Johansson predicted the following details: 1) India will be occupied by china. In 1918-1921, Poland also warred against Soviet Russia, which ended with the Polish-Soviet border being defined – roughly the same as was settled back in the 17th century. The Swedish Empire never added new territory after the Battle of Poltava, and shortly thereafter lost more possessions. pp. "The fight of Peresvet against Chelubey," by Mikhail Avilov, 1943. After three unsuccessful attempts at making a peace treaty, Napoleon’s army started to retreat and was completely destroyed by the Russian army and Russian partisans. The Dawn of the Tsarist Empire: Poltava & the Russian Campaigns of 1708—1709, Partizan Press (2009). Napoleon Bonaparte’s huge project of world domination inevitably stumbled upon the Russian Empire. Lithuanian warriors of the 16th century by Jan Matejko. 121,000 Russians of which 57,500 directly under, 77,000 Swedes of which 33,000 directly under, Dorrell, Nicholas. From 1561 to 1721, Sweden conquered Karelia and most of modern Estonia and Latvia, as well as parts of northern Germany (notably Western Pomerania, Wismar and Bremen). Since the 11th century (or maybe earlier), Swedish kings have waged war against the Novgorod republic – a Russian town-state, but not Russia as a whole. It is under his reign that Sweden converted to Lutheranism. In 1700 Denmark, Poland and Russia attacked Sweden. pp. Click here to find out more. This video pits the Russian military against the combined military might of Norway, Denmark, Sweden and Finland. Svenskt Militärhistorisk Biblioteks Förlag. The greatest population increase ironically being in the new GDR and the Ukraine, followed closely by Poland and Russia itself. 77. (2000) Lund, Historiska media. The monarch was overthrown. This gave the Russians an outlet to the sea, from which they could threaten Sweden in the Baltic. Also, after the Eastern War, Russia was pressed by its united enemies (France, Great Britain, Austria, and Prussia) to surrender some of the formerly conquered Turkish territories, including the Kars fortress and region, back to Turkey. With Sweden seemingly allied more closely to Russia, Sigismund III of Poland launches a pre-emptive attack, capturing Moscow and Smolensk. The consequences of the failed invasion were far-reaching. The wars between Russia and Poland in the 18th century led to the dissection of the Polish state between Russia, Prussia, and Austria. Swedish armies briefly conquered Novgorod in 1611, but in 1617 were forced to give it back. The united European-French army numbered about 600 thousand troops when entering Russia in June, 1812. These lands went back and forth between Russia and Sweden during the 15th-17th centuries, but the main conflict happened during the reign of P… The wars were predominantly waged for the control of the northern Black Sea area, control of the North Caucasus and the Turkish Straits. Karl XII:s ryska fälttåg: källstudier, Hans Villius (1951). In 1380, Moscow prince Dmitry Donskoy famously defeated the Tatar army at the Kulikovo field, and exactly one hundred years after this, in 1480, the “yoke” of the Golden Horde was lifted during the reign of the first Grand Prince of Moscow, Ivan the Third. Russian army numbered fewer troops (about 400 thousand at the beginning of the war, but further increased in numbers with the help of nationwide drafts), but they had home advantage. Even though Sweden had clearly lost, they did not give up until 1721. In May 1709, the Swedish forces caught up to the Russians, and the two armies clashed in the Battle of Poltava. The enemies, too, came in different forms. But after his several unsuccessful attempts to marry one of the Russian princesses, Napoleon started to openly talk about “crushing Russia”. The consequences of the failed invasion were far-reaching. 9.32am EST 09:32 Sweden limits public gatherings to eight people 7.01am EST 07:01 Moderna says its mRNA Covid vaccine is 95% effective 6.51am EST 06:51 Belgium "abandoned" elderly to … The Commonwealth, also known as Rzeczpospolita (“The Republic” in Polish), started its history with successful wars against Russia. In 1718, Charles XII, the Swedish king, was killed, which led to the eventual decline of Swedish power. However, they were very short-lived. However in 1707 Sweden invaded Russia with disastrous results. They’ve been in a state of war for 69 years in total, and their conflicts have spanned 351 years (1568-1918). pp. Тарле Евгений Викторович Северная война и шведское нашествие на Россию. When Ivan the Terrible conquered Novgorod and made it part of Russia, Sweden became one of its foremost enemies, always trying to conquer the lands of the contemporary St. Petersburg region, then called Ingria lands. Lund, 2007. p. 50. The Polish army, led by Stanisław Żółkiewski, took Smolensk, and after it Moscow, and then barricaded themselves in the Kremlin until they were pushed out by The Second Volunteer Army of Minin and Pozharsky. The Battle of Kulikovo: When the Russian nation was born, 5 worst military defeats in Russian history, 4 battles that absolutely crushed the Russian army. The Russian Empire and Turkey have the longest history of military conflicts. randenburg, which had been caught between the Swedish territories in Germany and Poland, gained a long period of peace and prosperity (and thus … The first attempt to Christianize Sweden was made by the Frankish monk Ansgar in 830. 174. Russian princedoms were not occupied by the Mongols: they became Mongolian vassals but the Mongols/Tatars lived outside the Russian territories directly interfering mostly in the … He was allowed to preach and set up a church in Birka, but the Swedes showed little interest. From the 10th century, however, control of the Russian market began to slip from Swedish hands into those of Frisian, German, and Gotland merchants. — Москва: Издательство Академии Наук СССР, 1959. He chose to continue his invasion now because he expected Swedish reinforcements and the alliance of the Cossacks under Ivan Mazepa. Russia conquered Estonia, Livonia and Ingria. Since the 11th century (or maybe earlier), Swedish kings have waged war against the Novgorod republic – a Russian town-state, but not Russia as a whole. Sweden was then allying with Napoleonic France and threatening to block the Baltic Sea for Russia. The union broke up when Gustav Vasa (r. 1523-60) became king of Sweden. — С. After an extensive army reform, ship-building and industrialization, Russia broke Sweden’s domination over the Baltic Sea in the Great Northern War. When Ivan the Terrible conquered Novgorod and made it part of Russia, Sweden became one of its foremost enemies, always trying to conquer the lands of the contemporary St. Petersburg region, then called Ingria lands. Navarino battle between Turkey and the allied fleet of Russia, England, and France. This was the prosperous era of the Swedish Empire. Poland later became a governorate of the Russian Empire that frequently mutinied against Russia that Poland considered an occupying state. ... Having liberated both Norway and Sweden from the Nazis, both states joined and were successfully integrated into the new Union. A faraway Eastern empire. Peter From, Katastrofen vid Poltava (2007), Lund, Historiska media. At the beginning of the 13th century, Lithuania strengthened and started regular raids on Russian territories, taking Smolensk (400 km west of Moscow) and held onto it for some time. Polish forces then invaded Russia once again, as a part of the Napoleonic army. Backed by a Turkish army of 200,000 men, Charles led the Turks into the Russo-Turkish War (1710–1711). During the reign of Ivan the Terrible (1533-1584), the Russian Tsardom opposed Lithuania, the Livonian Confederation, Poland, Sweden, and Denmark in an exhausting conflict called ‘The Livonian War’ that ended woefully for Russia: it was forced to surrender all its territorial gains to the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, after which a ‘super-state’ formed in 1569. Sweden in 1700 was the greatest Northern European power and this provoked the jealousy of its neighbors. In 1709, Peter defeated Swedish armies in the decisive Battle of Poltava on the soil of Ukraine. pp. Charles XII led an army to Zealand in Denmark. Russia maintained its conquered possessions in Ingria and the Baltic, was able to consolidate its hold over Ukraine and Poland, develop the new city of Saint Petersburg, and gain vital trade links in the Baltic trade. But it didn’t save Russia from the war with Napoleon. Here, Charles was eventually able to persuade the Sultan Ahmed III to declare war on Russia. Sweden defeated the Danish invaders at the Battle of Helsingborg (1710). Katastrofen vid Poltava. — Сочинения. As a result of acquiring territories seized from Russia and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, as well as its involvement in the Thirty Years' War, Sweden found itself transformed into the leader of Protestantism. There were 12 major Russo-Turkish wars (including the Eastern War and the fighting in the Caucasus during WWI), of which Russia won 7, lost 3, and in 2 cases, there was no winner. By the end of the winter of 1708–1709, the "Great Frost of 1709" had devastated the Swedish army and shrunk it to 24,000 men. Emperor Alexander refused to support the continental blockade of British trade, encouraged by Napoleon. The Swedish were defeated, and the greater part of Charles's army, some 19,000 men, were forced to surrender. With Russia conquered, Napoleon could have strike Sweden and further isolated Britain. At first, Napoleon defeated the Russian army in 1805 in the Battle of Austerlitz. The lands of Rus’ were then plundered, and the population decreased sharply. Charles XII opened up a Norwegian front but was killed in Fredriksten in 1718. — 841 с. Ett kort dock tydeligit utdrag utur then öfwer konung Carl den Tolftes lefwerne och konglida dater, Jöran Andersson Nordberg (1745). Afterward, the Swedes crushed the Russians at the battle of Narva in Estonia. 240. In Sweden everyone downplays their competence. The late medieval period was marked by the expansion of settlements along thecoast and into the interior. 2. At my last company, I fired two people in seven years. During the war, St. Petersburg was founded, and in 1721, Peter became the Russian Emperor. George I of Great Britain led Great Britain and Prussia into war against Sweden, and Denmark reentered the war. 363—800. Charles was outraged at what he saw as a sur… There was only one state that effectively subdued Russia, and it’s long gone now. In 1708 he marched into Ukraine. In 1808, Napoleon made peace with Russia. ), but Napoleon’s territorial gains had been the most substantial since the times of the Golden Horde. Unsettled by the loss of territory to Russia, Sweden went into turmoil. While Charles was bogged down in the vast Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth the Russian Tsar Peter the Great reformed the Russian military and ironically modeled his army on the Swedish forces. Lennart T. Norman Jörgen Weibull Christianization. Only in 1678, did the Turks manage to take Chyhyryn, capital of the Cossack state, the Zaporozhian Host, but ransacked and destroyed it, so it was a fruitless victory. pp 593. In Sweden, there was outrage over Napoleon’s invasion of their land in Pomerania. The Dawn of the Tsarist Empire: Poltava & the Russian Campaigns of 1708—1709, Partizan Press (2009). Get the week's best stories straight to your inbox. 10. Sweden still didn't want peace though, because they would have to give lots of land to Russia. “Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth Forces Singing the Bogurodzica (Mother of God) Hymn" by Józef Brandt. As a result the Danes quickly capitulated. Follow/Fav And so the Soviets Conquered. 3) Persia and Turkey will be conquered by what seem to be Russian troops. — Т. The culmination… Sweden - Sweden - The reign of Charles XII: Charles XII acceded to the throne at age 15 at a time when, in the hinterland of the Baltic coast, dominated by the Swedes, new states were being formed. Hundreds of thousands of Mongol warriors, led by Khan Batu (grandson of Genghis Khan), invaded the Russian lands around the 1220s-1230s. One of the artifacts archaeologists have unearthed from the city is a talisman with the face of Odin, the Nors… 196. Early 20th-century book illustration. The Dawn of the Tsarist Empire: Poltava & the Russian Campaigns of 1708—1709, Partizan Press (2009). This website uses cookies. 52–62, Konovaltjuk & Lyth, Pavel & Einar (2009). However, Sweden kept most of Finland's territory – until 1809. However, after this, the Mongols turned back. Liljegren, B "Karl XII: En Biografi", 2000, p. 156, Dorrell, Nicholas. As a consequence of this rapid initiation of the campaign, Charles nearly gave battle with Peter the Great just one month into the campaign, reaching Hrodna, now in Belarus, a mere two hours after Russian forces had abandoned it. On 28 June 1709, Charles attached the Russians at Poltava and was routed. Less well-known is invasion of Russia by the Swedes under their most famous king, Charles XII. Bernadotte decided to protect the interests of his people and committed Sweden to the Russian rather than the French cause. Several crazy tyrants with ambitions of world domination. This led to the Great Northern War. Vikings founded Kievan Rus in the mid-9th century, but Scandanavian settlements in Eastern Europe actually date back to at least A.D. 750. During most of the conflicts, Turkey didn’t gain any Russian territories – the Ottoman Empire was busy protecting its own lands, which Russia was trying fiercely to conquer in order to take control of the Black Sea. Napoleon retreating from Moscow, 1812. While some Swedes tried to lay siege to Saint Petersburg in 1708 (but the town resisted), Charles XII of Sweden led an army to invade the territories around Smolensk, but ultimately co… Russian warriors were forced to take part in various military campaigns led by the Golden Horde, part of the Mongol Empire, and later (from the 1260s), a separate state that continued to control Russia was formed. The reinforcing Swedish army, however, was ambushed by Russians, and a Russian army under Aleksandr Danilovich Menshikov had destroyed Mazepa's capital and chased him to Charles with just thirteen hundred men. In 1721 Sweden signed the Treaty of Nystad where they agreed to give Estonia, Livonia and Ingria to Russia. Other scholars think that the Varangian Guard was first formed after Prince Vladimir, who escaped from Kievan Rus to Sweden around 977 A.D., returned with thousands of mercenaries and conquered the capital city of Kiev. By: Vengeful Soldier. When talking about enemies trying to invade and conquer Russia, we’re talking about a time span of roughly 1,000 years and several different “Russias”, including the Ancient Rus, the Moscow Tsardom, the Russian Empire and the Soviet Union. Russia maintained its conquered possessions in Ingria and the Baltic, was able to consolidate its hold over Ukraine and Poland, develop the new city of Saint Petersburg, and gain vital trade links in the Baltic trade. By the time the remaining soldiers had come back from Norway, Russia had completely conquered Finland. Bythe end of the fifteenth century, the line of settlement was about 200kilometers north of the Gulf of Finland, and it ran … George I of Great Britain led Great Britain and Prussia into war against Sweden, and Denmark reentered the war. The invasion of Aaland and Finland gained extra significance when it triggered a political crisis in Sweden. pp 121, Ett kort dock tydeligit utdrag utur then öfwer konung Carl den Tolftes lefwerne och konglida dater, Jöran Andersson Nordberg (1745). All of them failed to conquer Russia. Having consolidated his victories there, Charles turned his attentions to Russia. The subject of war was the Baltic, its lands and territories. If Napoleon managed to succeed in his Russian Campaign, the EU would have existed for longer perhaps. After this, Napoleon continued to create a ‘continental system’, subjugating European states and creating marionette governments and puppet kings to rule them under his supervision. The Finns gradually conquered the wilderness to thenorth, moved into it, cleared the forest, and established agriculturalcommunities. The Mongol warriors, ranging from 300 thousand to 600 thousand, smothered the defense of the Russian feudal lands. Around the 1240s, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania formed and continued to wage wars against the Russian duchies. The History of Peter the Great, Emperor of Russia: To which is Prefixed a Short General History of the Country from the Rise of that Monarchy: and an Account of the Author's Life, Volume 1. In 1812, after several years of preparations, which included heavy surveillance of Russian internal affairs by the French intelligence, the Great Patriotic War of 1812 began. Brandenburg and Russia, together with such older states as Denmark and Poland, were natural enemies of Sweden. We've got more than 1,8 million followers on Facebook. In 1609-1618, during the Russian Time of Troubles (a major political and dynastic crisis), the Commonwealth invaded Russia, aiming to conquer and subjugate it. The Russian armies retreated continuously, dispersing the cattle and hiding the grain in the peasant towns they passed, burning unharvested crops, and leaving no resources for the Swedish army to stave off the Russian winter. In that same year the pro French party in the Swedish estates overthrew the existing monarch, Gustav IV and elected the aged and childless Charles XIII = 1809-18 . In 988 A.D., Vladimir sent 6000 warriors to Byzantium (to strengthen his alliance with the super power). However, due to the conditions of the 1617 peace treaty, Russia lost its access to the Baltic Sea. p. 39, Gordon A. In the years preceding the invasion of Russia, Charles had inflicted significant defeats on the Danish and Polish forces, and enthroned the king Stanislas Leszczyński in Poland. He entered Russia by crossing the frozen Vistula River at the head of 40,000 men, approximately half of them cavalry. In 1237-1238, Moscow and Vladimir, powerful cities of the central Rus’, were besieged and taken by the Mongol armies. In this war, Napoleon didn’t get the support of Sweden or the Ottoman Empire, who had supposed this campaign was to become the end of Napoleon. In Russia, every second person I met could run the company single-handedly. "Battle of Poltava" by Pierre-Denis Martin. The Swedish Empire never added new territory after the Battle of Poltava, and shortly thereafter lost more possessions. So Alexander I’s army took Finland from the Swedes and made it a governorate of the Russian Empire. His army was … This tactic was characteristic of his military style, which relied on moving armies with great speed over unexpected terrain. 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